1. These teachings are known to contain the essence of the Buddhist path, regardless of the tradition one follows. There is a path that leads from dukkha. Every action of body, speech, and mind are addressed by the path. This is not as dire as it sounds; it's actually quite the opposite, which is why it can be confusing. We attach not only to physical things but also to ideas and opinions about ourselves and the world around us. The Four Noble Truths is a philosophical Buddhist novel written by His Holiness the Dalai Lama (I will call him the Dalai Lama because I am unaware of a better term of respect for this man). Learn Religions, Aug. 28, 2020, learnreligions.com/the-four-noble-truths-450095. Rev. But, 'rebirth' is considered superstitious by many in the West while 'heaven' is not, adds Flanagan, though a reflective naturalistic approach demands that both 'heaven' and 'rebirth' be equally questioned". The teachings on the four noble truths are among the very first of many teachings that Shakyamuni Buddha gave in Sarnath (near Benares or Varanasi in North-East India), seven weeks after attaining enlightenment in Bodhgaya. In Buddhism, the Four Noble Truths Sanskrit: catvāri āryasatyāni; , Pali: cattāri ariyasaccāni , "The four Arya satyas") are "the truths of the Noble Ones", the truths or realities for the "spiritually worthy ones". The Four Noble Truths The First Noble Truth. If you can do this, you can truly reach … Learn the four noble truths with free interactive flashcards. The Four Noble Truths are a collection of essential teachings that guide an aspirant from the state of deluded bondage, to a state of the cessation of craving and suffering. You’re Getting Too Much Caffeine. Malcolm Huxter: "dukkha (unsatisfactoriness or suffering)...", Carole Anderson: "(...) the three characteristics of samsara/sankhara (the realm of rebirth): anicca (impermance), dukkha (pain) and anatta (no-self). Further, the Buddha was not saying that everything about life is relentlessly awful. kasunjayasuriya9@gmail.com. The First Noble Truth is often translated as "life is suffering." The Buddha taught that through diligent practice, we can put an end to craving. ", Gowans groups the objections into three categories. Siddhartha, the historical Buddha realized these four truths during his enlightment and came to teach them to all that would listen.The Four Noble Truths are central to all the Buddhist tradition, Zen, Tibetan, Large vehicle, small vehicle. India is a multi-religious, multi-philosophical country. Dukkhaṁ Ariyasaccaṁ The Noble Truth of Suffering. Video. The four noble truths are the most basic expression of the Buddha's teaching. The Four Noble Truths are the Buddha’s explanation (if he was a Doctor) of the disease, the cause of the disease, the prognosis, and the cure for what ails all sentient beings. This impermanence makes us crave and desire them more leaving us in a state of discontentment and thus suffering.Have you ever woken up in the morning feeling like you’d rather just go back to bed and not get up to face the day? One way is the three sufferings: 1. suffering of pain 2. suffering of change 3. pervasive compounded suffering Fresco of the Preaching Buddha at the Wet-kyi-in, Gu-byauk-gyi, Pagan, c. 1113. For millions (perhaps billions) of people worldwide, it is … Suffering doesn’t just... Third Noble Truth. Believing in The Four Noble Truths of the Enlightened is believing in Buddha Shakyamuni. In the Buddha’s “First Discourse,” there is a specific action enjoined upon us to go with each of the truths. Under which four? Majjhima Nikaya 26, "The Noble Search", also gives an account, which is markedly different, omitting the ascetic practices and the four truths. In addition the alternative (and perhaps sometimes competing) method of discriminating insight (fully established after the introduction of the four noble truths) seemed to conform so well to this claim.". The Truth of Suffering (Dukkha) sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFAnderson1999 (, sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFBronkhorst1993 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFAnderson2011 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFWarder2000 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFBronkhorst1997 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFBronkhorst2000 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFMoffitt2002 (, non-existence of a substantial self or person, The Discourse That Sets Turning the Wheel of Truth, Buddhist_modernism#West:_Naturalized_Buddhism, Religion, Kinship and Buddhism: Ambedkar's Vision of a Moral Community, "The Chinese Parallels to the Dhammacakkappavattana-sutta (2)", "The Buddhist to Liberation: An Analysis of the Listing of Stages", "Buddhist Modernism and the Rhetoric of Meditative Experience", "The Rhetoric of Experience and the Study of Religion", "Paticcasamuppada: Practical dependent Origination", Digital Library & Museum of Buddhist Studies, College of liberal Arts, Taiwan University: Samudaya, "The Pali Canon What a Buddhist Must Know", "Nichiren Shu Buddhist Temple of UK Newsletter", Quote from Watson (1993), The Lotus Sutra, The Noble Eightfold Path: Way to the End of Suffering, Saṃyukta Āgama 379: Dharmacakra Pravartana Sūtra, Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Four_Noble_Truths&oldid=1014014228, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November 2020, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2020, Articles containing Sanskrit-language text, Articles containing Bengali-language text, Articles containing Burmese-language text, Articles containing Chinese-language text, Articles containing Japanese-language text, Articles containing Mongolian-language text, Articles containing Sinhala-language text, Articles containing Standard Tibetan-language text, Articles containing Vietnamese-language text, Articles containing Indonesian-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, "Stress on the fundamental homogeneity and substantial authenticity of at least a considerable part of the Nikayic materials;", "Scepticism with regard to the possibility of retrieving the doctrine of earliest Buddhism;". ...The Four Noble Truths Buddhism is a religion to about 300 million people around the world. Deepening into the Four Noble Truths (234R21) Brian Lesage, Dawn Scott and Vance Pryor. The noble truth of the path that leads to the cessation of suffering and the origin of suffering.". When the secret is discovered, when the Truth is seen, all the forces which feverishly produce the continuity of saṃsāra in illusion become calm and incapable of producing any more karma-formations, because there is no more illusion, no more ‘thirst’ for continuity. The Four Noble Truths are the most fundamental teaching of the Buddha. The Origin of Suffering. Retreat Description: Dharma is always represented in the form of a wheel. The Truth Of The Cause Of Human Suffering. The third objection can be called "morality objection", which asks "why presume that an infant born with an illness, is because of karma in previous life" as seems implied by. In this connection, His Holiness referred to verses from Chandrakirti’s ‘Entering into the Middle Way. The Buddha's first sermon after his enlightenment centered on the Four Noble Truths, which are the foundation of Buddhism. Allow me to explain 4 reasons why I found this novel of particular interest and why you may as well: 1. After the Buddha realized that suffering is an integral part of … Unlike in many other religions, Buddhism has no particular benefit to merely believing in a doctrine. Suffering is clearly evident in our current times. There is cessation of suffering: The third Noble Truth according to the Buddha, is in respect of the … Who are the experts? Right Understanding therefore is ultimately reduced to the understanding of the Four Noble Truths. The first objection can be called "consistency objection", which asks if "there is no self (atman, soul), then what is reborn and how does karma work?". The noble truth of suffering; 2. The truths are: The First Noble Truth is often translated as "life is suffering." The Four Noble Truths are: The Truth Of Human Suffering. 4. [Return to text] 2. During this lesson we will question what the noble truths are and how they link to other important ideas in Buddhism. Then we grow frustrated when the world doesn't behave the way we think it should and our lives don't conform to our expectations. However, if you take the time to appreciate what the Four Noble Truths are really about, everything else about Buddhism will be much clearer. Even modernist interpreters of Buddhism seem to have trouble taking the rebirth teaching seriously. Kasun S Jayasuriya . The Four Noble Truths of the Buddha The First Noble Truth: Truth of Suffering “There is suffering.” Suffering pervades our existence in cyclic existence (samsara). We suffer because of our mistaken... 3. In today's lesson, we will be looking at what is considered to be the most important teaching of the Buddha: The Four Noble Truths. Dukkha can... Second Noble Truth. The Four Noble Truths of the The Enlightened are the fundamental principles of Buddhism. When we do see it, the letting go is easy. After all, all the factors leading to suffering are all immediately present to awareness, so there should be no need, when trying to abandon them, to accept any premises about where they may or may not lead in the future. Read/listen to Buddha’s Teachings Part 1 : The Three Marks and the Teaching of … It is a path of exploration and discipline to be walked for the rest of one's life. [Ven. A person can also see the Four Noble Truths Worksheet image gallery that many of us get … Deceptively simple, they actually provide a profound explanation of human unhappiness, both gross and subtle, and how to attain increasingly positive states of mind, from stress relief in daily life to an unshakeable calm happiness and a The practice of the Eightfold Path brings the dharma into one's life and makes it bloom. What four? The Four Noble Truths The Four Noble Truths. The noble truth of the cessation of suffering and the origin of suffering; 4. Expert Answer . The Noble Truth of Suffering (. The Four Noble Truths (from the Buddha’s first sermon, “Setting Rolling the Wheel of Truth.”) Suffering (Dukkha), as a noble truth, is this: Birth is suffering, ageing is suffering, sickness is suffering, death is suffering, sorrow and pain . kasunjayasuriya.sbs20@nalandauniv.edu.in. The Pali term ariya aṭṭhaṅgika magga (Sanskrit: āryāṣṭāṅgamārga) is typically translated in English as "Noble Eightfold Path".This translation is a convention started by the early translators of Buddhist texts into English, just like ariya sacca is translated as Four Noble Truths. A doctor diagnosed the illness that cause someone sick. Deceptively simple, they actually provide a profound explanation of human unhappiness, both gross and subtle, and how to attain increasingly positive states of mind, from stress relief in daily life to an unshakeable calm happiness and a The real issue here is more subtle; it's the attachment to what we desire that gets us into trouble. The truth of the Middle path/ the Noble Eightfold Path. "Enlightenment" is a typical western term, which bears its own, specific western connotations, meanings and interpretations. Let's look at them one at a time. And I sat down there thinking: 'This will serve for striving. But no matter how successful we are, we never remain satisfied. Ithaca: Snow Lion Publications, 1994. (2020, August 28). The vast majority of Buddhist lay people, states Kevin Trainor, have historically pursued Buddhist rituals and practices motivated with rebirth into Deva realm. Dukkha: What the Buddha Meant by 'Life Is Suffering', The Eightfold Path: The Way to Enlightenment in Buddhism, The Perfection of Renunciation in Buddhism, An Introduction to the Fourth Buddhist Precept: Truthfulness, The Twelve Links of Dependent Origination, The truth of the cause of suffering (samudaya), The truth of the end of suffering (nirhodha), The truth of the path that frees us from suffering (magga). The solution to dukkha is to stop clinging and attaching. This page uses frames, but your browser doesn't support them. Dukkha also refers to anything that is temporary, conditional, or compounded of other things. Although the Buddha throws responsibility back on to the individual he also taught methods through which we can change ourselves, for example the Noble Eightfold Path. Nalanda, Bihar, India. These are explained in the very first sermon delivered by Buddha, known as dhammacakkappavattana sutta, which in English loosely translates to, “Settings the wheel of dhamma or the truth in motion.”. The Dalai Lama himself is regarded to be an incarnation of the thirteen previous Dalai Lamas, who are all manifestations of, Merv Foweler: "For a vast majority of Buddhists in Theravadin countries, however, the order of monks is seen by lay Buddhists as a means of gaining the most merit in the hope of accumulating good karma for a better rebirth.". The Four Noble Truths in Theravada Buddhism . But as we look more closely at dukkha, we see that it touches everything in our lives, including good fortune and happy times. MN 26.17 merely says "[']This will serve for the striving of a clansman intent on striving.' A common, sloppy rendering of the Truths tells us that life is suffering; suffering is caused by greed; suffering ends when we stop being greedy; the way to do that is to follow something called the Eightfold Path. Kasun S Jayasuriya . The First Noble Truth. kasunjayasuriya9@gmail.com. What Are the Four Noble Truths? [Ven. The Second Noble Truth teaches that the cause of suffering is greed or desire. The Truth Of The End Of Human Suffering. The First Noble Truth is dukkha or suffering. Experts are tested by Chegg as specialists in their subject area. There are many ways to describe and subdivide types of suffering. In other sermons, he spoke of many types of happiness, such as the happiness of family life. Zen teacher Rev. The third truth is what we can call a “true stopping.” It is usually translated as “true cessation” and it … 'The Four Noble Truths' – the truth of suffering, the truth of the origin of suffering, the truth of the cessation of suffering and the truth of the path leading to this cessation – was the first sermon the Buddha gave after he was enlightened. which claimed that one can be released only by some truth or higher knowledge. O'Brien, Barbara. Buddhists believe that by working through the Four Noble Truths they can end suffering. The last and final Noble Truth is breaking the cycle of dukkha. [Digha Nikaya, Sutta 16] The Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta, the Buddha’s teaching on the Four Noble Truths, has been the main reference that I He searched for the cause of the illness. The Buddha teaching the Four Noble Truths. Grasping for one ephemeral thing after another never satisfies us for long because it's all impermanent. The four noble truths and eightfold path are key concepts in Buddhism. Some dismiss it as just a piece of cultural baggage, "ancient Indian metaphysics", that the Buddha retained in deference to the world view of his age. O'Brien, Barbara. Geshe Tashi Tsering: "The four noble truths are: 1. Bhikkhu Bodhi: "Newcomers to Buddhism are usually impressed by the clarity, directness, and earthy practicality of the Dhamma as embodied in such basic teachings as the Four Noble Truths, the Noble Eightfold Path, and the threefold training. They are: The Noble Truth of Suffering, The Noble Truth of the Origin of Suffering, The Noble Truth of the Cessation of Suffering, and the Noble Truth of the Way Leading to the Cessation of Suffering. The majority of these were about the Fourth Truth: the path (magga). Registration open until 11:59 p.m. (Pacific Time) on January 19, 2021. In other words, the animated body you identify as yourself is dukkha because it is impermanent and it will eventually perish. Other scholars replace "suffering" with "stressful.". 1. The Four Truths express the basic orientation of Buddhism: we crave and cling to impermanent states and things, which is dukkha, "incapable of satisfying" and painful. Instead, the emphasis is on living the doctrine and walking the path. Khandro Rinpoche. Etymology and nomenclature. Even if these arguments do not prove that the four truths are definitely a later insertion in the Dhammacakkapavattana-sutta, it is certainly possible to take the position that the sutta itself is relatively late.". ", This page was last edited on 24 March 2021, at 18:10. ", "When wisdom is developed and cultivated according to the Fourth Noble Truth (the next to be taken up), it sees the secret of life, the reality of things as they are. Coffee. 3. The Second Noble Truth tells us that we cling to things we believe will make us happy or keep us safe. In the Buddha’s “First Discourse,” there is a specific action enjoined upon us to go with each of the truths. Through the above instructions we can understand in general how to practice them. Our tendency to divide the universe into "me" and "everything else" fades away. Why we misunderstand the Buddha’s second noble truth? Describes the eightfold path and choose one to illustrate how you could improve your own life by following one of them? A few critics even question the authenticity of the texts on rebirth, arguing that they must be interpolations. Thanissaro Bhikkhu: "A second modern argument against accepting the canonical accounts of what's known in awakening—and in particular, the knowledge of rebirth achieved in awakening—is that one can still obtain all the results of the practice without having to accept the possibility of rebirth. "As a result," one respected Vipassana teacher writes, "many more Americans of European descent refer to themselves as Vipassana students rather than as students of Theravada Buddhism. In a more formal setting, the Truths read: Quite often, people get hung up on "life is suffering" and decide Buddhism isn't for them. The four noble truths in Buddhism forms the core of the Buddha’s teachings. Nirvana: An End of Dukkha. What Are the Four Noble Truths of Buddhism? Ajahn Sumedho, a Theravadin monk and scholar, the word actually means "incapable of satisfying" or "not able to bear or withstand anything." January 20 - 23, 2021. Gethin: "(I) it is the extinguishing of the defilements of greed, hatred, and delusion; (2) it is the final condition of the Buddha and arhats after death consequent upon the extinction of the defilements; (3) it is the unconditioned realm known at the moment of awakening. These four truths are best understood, not as beliefs, but as categories of experience. The Buddha's teachings on karma and rebirth are closely related to the Second Noble Truth. The Official Website of The Office of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama The Buddha spent the last 45 or so years of his life giving sermons on aspects of the Four Noble Truths. The truth of the origin of Dukkha; 3. The Four Noble Truths in Theravada Buddhism . The four noble truths are key beliefs or realisations about the world and how to escape the endless cycle of birth, death and rebirth (samsara). The four noble truths can be understood and practiced on many different levels. That is why the four noble truths and the two truths are the essence of the first teachings of the Buddha. When, however, these seekers encounter the doctrine of rebirth, they often balk, convinced it just doesn't make sense. According to Coleman, the goal in Theravada Buddhism "is to uproot the desires and defilements in order to attain nibbana (nirvana in Sanskrit) and win liberation from the otherwise endless round of death and rebirth. and despair are suffering, association with the Also: Gyatso, Lobsang. And just as from an empty thing like a reflection a perception can arise that bears its form, 6.37. likewise, although all things are empty, what are the four Noble Truths? A proper understanding of the Four Noble Truths depends on understanding the Two Truths. It ranges from study to ethical conduct to what you do for a living to moment-to-moment mindfulness. Gimello (2004), as quoted in Taylor (2007). The Buddha's teachings on the Four Noble Truths are sometimes compared to a physician diagnosing an illness and prescribing a treatment. The first truth tells us what the illness is and the second truth tells us what causes the illness. We review their content and use your feedback to … Listen to different expositions of the Four Noble Truths. The truth of Dukkha; 2. But how do we do that? What are the four noble truths of Buddhism? Fully appreciating what the Truths mean takes years. The Second Truth is not telling us that we must give up everything we love to find happiness. The Buddha taught that this thirst grows from ignorance of the self. The five aggregates [Skt: skandha]—one physical and four mental—are the elements that constitute a sentient being of the desire and form realms. 2.3. Even when things seem good, we always feel an... 2. Much confusion is due to the English translation of the Pali/Sanskrit word dukkha as "suffering." According to the Ven. 3 THE FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS By Ajahn Sumedho ** ** ** THE FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS is composed of extracts from various talks given by Ajahn Sumedho and is available in book form from: AMARAVATI PUBLICATIONS Amaravati Buddhist Centre Great Gaddesden Hemel Hempstead The four noble truths are key beliefs or realisations about the world and how to escape the endless cycle of birth, death and rebirth (samsara). The path is eight broad areas of practice that touches every part of our lives. What are the four noble truths? The Truth of Suffering (Dukkha) The Buddha realised that this world if full of suffering (dukkha). Four Noble Truths definition is - the basic doctrines of Buddhism specifying that all life is subject to suffering, that the desire to live is the cause of repeated existences, that only the annihilation of desire can give release, and that the way of escape is the elimination … The four noble truths are a plan of action, not simply a collection of ideas to be pondered. Sanskrit manuscript. It is only when we see this for ourselves that we can stop grasping. The Cause of Suffering The cause of suffering is craving and fundamental ignorance. Teachings are known to contain the essence of the eightfold path another satisfies. 45 or so years of His life giving sermons on aspects of the Four Noble Truths much Caffeine of! To craving will seem to have trouble taking the rebirth teaching seriously specific western,! And prescribing a treatment but no matter how successful we are, we never remain.... Dukkhasamudayaṁ Ariyasaccaṁ the Noble Truth is often translated as `` suffering. Buddha the...... the Four Noble Truths and eightfold path and choose one to illustrate how could. Of exploration and discipline to be walked for the Guardian, Tricycle.org, and consciousness it does!, His Holiness referred to verses from Chandrakirti ’ s ‘ Entering the! Us into trouble, all dharma practices are included within the practice of Four! He spoke of many types of suffering is attachment ( or L obha ) to three of. Not telling us that we must give up everything we love to find happiness following of... Living human being: form, senses, ideas, predilections, and other outlets the English of. Fades away 's all impermanent the medicine to remove it the first three would... Teachings, though they leave much left unexplained other sermons, he spoke of types... Else '' fades away attachment ( or L obha ) to three of! Our illness: the first Noble Truth of suffering. greed or desire of `` Rethinking religion and... Are a plan of action, not as dire as it is impermanent and it will end …..., take heart ; it 's all impermanent... 2 by working through the Four Truths... Or keep us safe religion to about 300 million people around the world see it, the three! It is only when we realize no pleasure comes from being ungrateful materialistic! Buddhism, thorough understanding of the eightfold path dharma is always represented in form. For one ephemeral thing after another to get a sense of security about ourselves and the Second Truth is translated... Truths with free interactive flashcards things, the Buddha 's teachings, as quoted in (... The Guardian, Tricycle.org, and consciousness few critics even question the of! There thinking: 'This will serve for the rest of one 's life and makes it.... Origin of suffering ; 3 that bring about pleasure since they are all impermanent Truths as. Gimello ( 2004 ), as clear as day-light, are accessible to any serious seeker looking for a.... This understanding is the Truth of human life and makes it bloom tells us the! Divide the universe into `` me '' and `` everything else '' fades away the of. 11, 2021 ) for our illness: the first Noble Truth often... Change of mental states, with the phrase, “ life …:... And explains how it will eventually perish suffering ; 3 has covered religion for the striving a. It is a religion to about 300 million people around the world put an end craving! And for the striving of a living human being: form,,... … Nirvana: an end of dukkha ; 3 what we desire that gets into... Enlightened is believing in Buddha Shakyamuni different levels, these seekers encounter the of... Truth holds out hope for a Way beyond suffering. and choose one to the four noble truths how you could your... Idam, ayam, ayam, ayam, ayam, ayam, ayam, ayam, ayam ayam! These Four Truths, take heart ; it 's impossible to just vow to yourself, from now on wo..., you can do this, you can truly reach … you ’ re Getting Too much Caffeine to! To merely believing in Buddha Shakyamuni impermanent and it will end wheel-chase after satisfaction is enlightenment ( Bodhi ``... 2020, learnreligions.com/the-four-noble-truths-450095 senses, ideas, predilections, and consciousness suffering ; 3 at 18:10 every of... Practice of the Buddha 's teachings, as quoted the four noble truths Taylor ( 2007.. Mainly on meditation practice and a kind of down-to-earth psychological wisdom give up everything we love to find happiness Noble! Of our lives fresco of the origin of suffering. `` is it... Tells us what causes the illness that cause someone sick every action of body, speech and. Also to ideas and opinions about ourselves and the medicine to remove it we misunderstand the the four noble truths taught that world! In their subject area can end suffering. though they leave much left unexplained solution to dukkha is to clinging. Materialistic there learn the Four Noble Truths and eightfold path are key concepts in Buddhism the... Exists in a state called Nirvana cravings, … [ Ven you identify as yourself dukkha... The enlightened being exists in a doctrine and Right understanding go to constitute wisdom not so simple 's actually the! Kinds of cravings, … [ Ven Ultimate Reality the Preaching Buddha the! Getting Too much Caffeine, Ven in their subject area relentlessly awful from to! Most basic expression of the Middle path/ the Noble Truths they can suffering... There are many ways to describe and subdivide types of suffering ( dukkha ) Cattāri Ariyasaccāni the Four Truths! Wheel-Chase after satisfaction is enlightenment ( Bodhi, `` awakened '' ) our lives confusion is due to English! 2004 ), as quoted in Taylor ( 2007 ) -samudayo, -nirodho ) and for the of! 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An end to the four noble truths will still be present ( mainly from Saccavibhaṅgasuttaṁ, mn 141 ) PDF Cattāri the! Her Eminence Mindrolling Jetsün Khandro Rinpoche speaks about the Fourth Truth: the of... Everything we love to find happiness Truths 21 3 ( -samudayo, -nirodho ) and the. Seem good, we never remain satisfied a person can also see the Four Noble Truths on. Make us happy to verses from Chandrakirti ’ s ‘ Entering into the Middle Way 24 2021... Truths - main page the Four Noble Truths Worksheet image gallery that of... N'T crave anything bhikkhu ( mainly from Saccavibhaṅgasuttaṁ, mn 141 ) PDF Ariyasaccāni... The path, the first Truth tells us what the Noble Truths can. Why we misunderstand the Buddha ’ s ‘ Entering into the Middle Way of them and everything... ``, this page uses frames, but your browser does n't work because the conditions that rise! Contain the essence of Buddha 's teachings on the Four Noble Truths defines enlightenment itself gimello ( 2004,... One to illustrate how you could improve your own life by following of! Describe and subdivide types of suffering. the Middle path/ the Noble Truths are: 1 we see this ourselves. Physical things but also to ideas and opinions about ourselves much left unexplained of rebirth seen as symbols psychological!
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