[fn]Crisis Group interviews, Sultan of Kousseri, customs officers and traders, Far North, March-October 2016.Hide Footnote, The conflict and its consequences â the destruction of schools, hospitals, administrative buildings and, sometimes, entire villages, the theft of cattle and brutal halt to tourism â paralysed the local economy, which now accounts for only 5 per cent of Cameroonâs GDP, compared with 7.3 per cent before the conflict. The group explained to negotiators that Shekau had attacked the house of the vice prime minister to take revenge for the failure to honour promises to release prisoners. Une guerre cachée aux origines de la Françafrique, 1948-1971 (Paris, 2011); Meredith Teretta, Nation of Outlaws, State of Violence. In a number of places, Boko Haram has recruited among the Kanuri community through existing links between families and within peer groups. This bulletin is a confidential, nonregistered publication and shall be safeguarded as required by U. S. Navy Regulations, Article 76. Max Saintclair Mbida, âDynamique contestataire et déviance démocratique: approche compréhensive et configurationnelle des mobilisations estudiantines à lâuniversité de Bueaâ, in Jean-Emmanuel Pondi (dir. Second, the crisis is prolonging restrictions on civil liberties which have become more pronounced since 2013: a ban on demonstrations, the arrest and beating up of political party militants, journalists and researchers. Crisis Group has seen these messages. African scholars of Timbuktu, unusually active in the political sphere, lived with more than a modicum of religious authority. Francophones are generally unaware of the reasons for the Anglophone problem and view Anglophones who are calling for federalism or secession with a mixture of curiosity and suspicion and even make fun of them. Anglophones continued to challenge the legality of this change on the grounds that the 1961 constitution did not provide for any alteration in the form of state and stipulated that only parliament could amend the constitution. 916. Crisis Group observations, Buea, November 2016; and interviews with students and officers of student associations, Buea and Bamenda, April-May 2017.Hide Footnote The university rectorâs response was to call the police onto the campus. Crisis Group interviews, traders, transport operators and agents responsible for territorial surveillance, Kousseri, Fotokol, Amchidé, Mora, March-April 2016.Hide Footnote Kousseri, the capital of the Logone and Chari department, was the main logistics hub: logisticians there arranged arms caches, currency exchange, the production of fake identity documents and printing of propaganda material. by putting in place a more efficient communication strategy through drawing on and supporting community-based radio stations, through the creation of awareness-raising shows on national channels, aired in local languages in the Far North, and through countering the promotion of violent radicalism on social networks. Histoire du banditisme rural et transfrontalier dans le bassin du lac Tchad (Paris, 2010); and Christian Seignobos, âLe phénomène Zarguina dans le nord du Camerounâ, Afrique contemporaine, no. To counteract religious radicalism, besides the measures already envisaged in the previous Crisis Group report on Cameroon, the social affairs ministry should encourage parents to lift the taboo surrounding Boko Haram by discussing the issue with their children. Crisis Group interviews, Anglophone militants, students and Consortium members, Bamenda, Buea and Yaoundé prison, April, May 2017; Crisis Group email correspondence, militant in the diaspora, June 2017.Hide Footnote, The debate on the shape of the federation also reveals divisions that often undermine the Anglophone movement â between the Northwest where the âGrassfieldsâ ethnic groups, close to the Bamiléké, are in the majority, and the Southwest, dominated by Sawa ethnic groups. Records indicate these practices caused a sterner Askiya Muhammad of the Songhay Empire to be religiously and morally repulsed. This would push back the chances of substantial development in the region and increase its vulnerability. Group interviews, SCNC militants, Bamenda, April 2017. [fn]Crisis Group interviews, Western diplomats, Yaoundé, March 2017. Article 47 of the constitution of 1 September 1961. [fn]Crisis Group interviews, senior officials, Yaoundé, 2017; prefects and deputy prefects, North Cameroon and Yaoundé, 2016-2017.Hide Footnote But there is a serious risk that the crisis could deteriorate and, in time, destabilise the country. Crisis Group interview, Consortium member, Buea, May 2017. Which is why none of us were preparing for any kind of guerrilla war. The fourth priority is to relaunch industry in the Far North and North by overhauling the way it is managed; Cameroonâs external partners should also support public enterprises and small and medium businesses. Crisis Group interviews, magistrate, Anglophone and Francophone lawyers, Douala, Buea and Bamenda, March-May 2017; and email correspondence, president of the Northwest Lawyer's Association (NOWELA), 29 May 2017. For example, the Anglophone movement claimed the UN was on the point of conceding independence to Southern Cameroons, and that the Southern Cameroons Defence Forces were in the process of liberating the region. See the 2016 finance law. North + West An Indus Seal 1000 B.C.E. The Bakassi conflict between Cameroon and Nigeria made cooperation in tackling Boko Haram difficult. Crisis Group interviews, Francophone and Anglophone law teachers, Buea University, 31 March 2017.Hide Footnote They were made rather late in the day, when the public were already calling for the release of detainees and negotiations on constitutional reform with the aim of introducing federalism. Within the secessionist movement, although the official objective remains independence through non-violence, there are growing calls for violence. The Prophet Muhammad reminded the Muslim world, “We are a single community, distinct from others.” The distinction shapes the Muslim’s religious identity and underlines the nature of the Islamic ideal, whether the purity of the monotheistic concept, the uncompromising quest for morality, or the lifelong seeking of knowledge. 919. It should also have greater independence from the executive.Hide Footnote Finally, the President of the Republic should visit the Anglophone regions. Will it again moderate its positions and try to gain support among Francophones, which it has not managed to do since 1997, or will it prioritise the Anglophone zone, in the hope of improving on its performance in the last elections? Crisis Group interviews, Far North, 2016.Hide Footnote. Common Law lawyers had asserted the same demands to the justice ministry in the past without obtaining any concessions; for example in May 2015, 700 Anglophone lawyers called for federalism and the creation of an autonomous Anglophone Bar. They are still a small minority, even among those in favour of secession. [fn]Crisis Group interviews, administrative authority, local NGOs and inhabitants, Far North, March 2016.Hide Footnote It was also in 2012 that the group demanded the shutdown of bars and application of Sharia in leaflets sent to the authorities and distributed to the population in Amchidé, Fotokol and Kousseri, and threatened traders and transport operators with reprisals unless they contributed to the financing of the jihad. But the combination of bad governance and an identity issue could be particularly tough to resolve. But the underlying problems that had left the Far North region particularly vulnerable persist: poverty, low school enrolment rates, social and generational divides, intercommunal tensions and the weak connection with the rest of the country. Crisis Group interviews, Anglophone students and teachers, Buea and Bamenda, April-May 2017.Hide Footnote Personal and ethnic ambitions and rivalries among the elites did not help matters. The frontier between the two countries has still not been fully delineated in the area where the group operates. He ordered his troops to ensure that churches, agriculture, and homes not be destroyed. A poorly conducted re-unification, based on centralisation and assimilation, has led the Anglophone minority to feel politically and economically marginalised, and that their cultural difference are ignored. Crisis Group interviews, Anglophone lawyers and local population, Bamenda, April 2017. After completing the Hajj, Musa was recognized by Cairo as the western caliph of the Sudan (“land of the blacks”). The war has nonetheless had a negative effect on the countryâs economy and has created ethnic and social cleavages, as seen in the stigmatisation of the Kanuri people in the Far North, often indiscriminately associated with the jihadist group. In the referendum held on 11 February 1961, Northern Cameroon chose to join Nigeria and Southern Cameroons chose to join the Republic of Cameroon. The single party resulted in the Anglophones losing all their institutional leverage to plead their cause. [fn]They brandished placards with slogans against violence and the politicisation of their problems. The trial of Anglophone militants is flawed in ways that illustrate persistent problems: it has been repeatedly postponed and conducted in French, with only rough translations provided if at all, and this for offences committed by Anglophones in Anglophone regions. cit. For more information, see Crisis Group Africa Reports N°168, Northern Nigeria: Background to Conflict, 20 December 2010 and N°201, Curbing Violence in Nigeria (II): The Boko Haram Insurgency, 3 April 2014; and Africa Briefing N°120, Boko Haram on the Back Foot?, 4 May 2016.Hide Footnote That came as a terrible shock in a country that up to that point had seen itself as a stable state in an unstable sub-region. Seignobos, âBoko HaramÂ: innovation guerrière depuis les monts mandaraâ be needed reduce!  out of a memorandum listing most of these measures will be taken without international pressure recent history during. External operations by BIR-Alpha go under the name of âArrowâ and âBlue and. With portfolio comprised Southern Cameroons Defense forces regularly announce their imminent arrival to liberate Ambazonia local economy creating. à envisager la libération des leaders Anglophonesâ standards by Francophone countries and paid only on the back?... 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