Second, the accumulation of knowledge on civil war’s conduct and consequences has lagged behind that on interstate war, partially because the civil war literature is younger, and partially because sub-national level data is only now becoming more readily available. They reported that democracies are significantly more likely to join powerful alliances and less likely to use attrition or guerrilla strategies, or to fight on their own territory. Theoretical and empirical research suggests that longer wars occur when opponents of relatively equal strength cannot achieve breakthroughs on the battlefield (Bennett & Stam, 1996; Filson & Werner, 2007b; Slantchev, 2004), although this pattern does not hold for wars involving non-state actors where a large asymmetry in power increases war duration (Sullivan, 2008). First, while some evidence suggests that civil and interstate war might affect public health differently, the mechanisms behind these differences require further elaboration. War has fatal consequences on the mental health of the civilians as well as the soldiers. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of International Studies, Department of Political Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Government and Politics, University of Maryland, The Waging of Civil and International Wars, Intervention and the Expansion of Interstate Wars, The Duration, Termination, and Outcome of War, Domestic-Level Factors and War Termination, Post-War Domestic Political Stability and Change, Public Health Conditions in the Aftermath of Wars, https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.72, Third-party actors and the intentional targeting of civilians in war, War and the survival of political leaders: A comparative study of regime types and political accountability, Beyond keeping peace: United Nations effectiveness in the midst of fighting, When do they stop? What accounts for the nature of the wars we see? What this research does not provide clear answers on is how battle losses trend throughout the course of conflict, as most factors examined in the above research are static throughout a conflict. The analog to studying domestic-level factors in interstate conflict would be to examine the effect of internal state and rebel characteristics on civil war termination. Factors that increase the costs of sustaining the fight generally shorten wars, while those that raise the costs of making concessions tend to lengthen conflicts. Recent research suggests that domestic political conditions influence war termination. Related work shows that accountable leaders are also more likely to face foreign-imposed regime change at the hands of war victors (Bueno De Mesquita et al., 2003). Future research should also examine how implementation of peace agreements proceeds, and how the timing and sequencing of implementation affects the durability of peace (e.g., Langer & Brown, 2016). Finally, Quackenbush and Murdie (2015) found that, counter to conventional wisdom, past experiences with counterinsurgency or conventional warfare have little effect on future success in conflict. The concluding discussion addresses some of the important contributions associated with recent scholarship on the conduct and consequences of war as well as promising directions for future research. Second, third-party intervention is expected to play a role in ameliorating the security dilemma arising from commitment problems in post-conflict states (Fearon, 2004; Walter, 2002). Challenging these results both theoretically and empirically, however, Desch (2002) argues that “democracy hardly matters,” that relative power plays a more important role in explaining victory. For example, like interstate war, civil war scholarship consistently finds that democracies suffer less severe conflicts than nondemocracies (Heger & Salehyan, 2007; Lacina, 2006; Lujala, 2009). Ultimately, we find Desch’s objections to the relevance of democracy to be overstated and his theoretical and empirical justifications to be largely unconvincing. Koch and Sullivan (2010) provide another take on the relationship between domestic politics and war termination, demonstrating that partisanship significantly affects democratic states’ war termination decisions. Legro (1995), for example, found that international agreements had limited impact on Britain and Germany’s use of unrestricted submarine warfare, strategic bombing of civilian targets, and chemical weapons during WWII. Eight million soldiers died and many more were damaged physically or mentally. What are the political, economic, and social consequences of interstate and civil wars, and what explains these postwar conditions? Wood (2010) accounted for the impact of relative strength and adversary strategy, finding that weak rebel groups, lacking the capacity to protect civilian populations, will increase their use of violence in response to state violence, while strong rebel groups display the opposite pattern of behavior. Whereas previous research tended to simply count the number of power-sharing dimensions, newer analyses focus on issues such as the quality of the agreement (Badran, 2014) and equality in the terms of settlement (Albin & Druckman, 2012). died as a result of âwar-induced adverse health effectsâ caused by the destruction of infrastruc-ture.4 This fact sheet presents the consequences of a new war and discusses the humanitarian impact of the 1991 Gulf War. The war resulted in the death of empires and the birt⦠This research suggests that even without direct intervention by the ICC, international law can influence the behavior of governments and rebels engaged in civil war. Colaresi (2004) finds no difference in leadership turnover rates across all regimes types under conditions of moderate war losses, and Chiozza and Goemans (2004), employing a different measure of war outcomes and discounting the impact of termination over time, find that defeat in war is most costly for autocratic leaders and has no significant impact on tenure for democratic leaders. Scholars argue, however, that more indirect mechanisms cause longer-term public health problems as well. Wittman (1979) provided the first formal articulation of the bargaining model in the context of war termination. J Marital Family Therapy Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 34(2), 165-176. They argued that biased intervention only alters the chances for victory by the supported side if that side’s key deficiency is conventional war-fighting capacity. Finally, recent research has begun to conceptualize health more broadly, accounting for the psychological consequences of wartime violence. This broad question drives a new research tradition in conflict studies that compliments traditional analyses of war onset by shifting the focus to state behavior during war. This raises questions about common understandings of broad trends in conflict frequency and severity as well as questions about best practices for measuring conflict severity. This focus, however, has spawned a backlash in recent years, as patterns that contradict the implications of bargaining models are detected and theorized. Third, analyses that employ disaggregated measures of health consequences (Ghobarah et al., 2003) provided a more thorough understanding of the specific consequences of war and represent an important avenue for additional theoretical and empirical development. Bauer et al. Many translated example sentences containing "consequences of war" â German-English dictionary and search engine for German translations. Third, the incorporation of power-sharing arrangements that guarantee the survival of each side into the postwar settlement is also expected to solve post-civil war commitment problems (Walter, 2002). They found that demand is greatest among weak rebel groups, but supply is greatest for strong groups. More recent research confirms that conflicts ending in military victory are less likely to recur than those ending in settlement (Caplan & Hoeffler, 2017; Toft, 2009), though Toft suggested that this is particularly true for rebel victories. The link was not copied. Similarly, Narang (2015) also focused on the uncertainty induced by external support. Your current browser may not support copying via this button. High inflation hits middle-incom⦠In section three, recent scholarship is examined on the consequences of war for post-war trends in political stability and public health. These analyses show that, as a state’s resources are depleted from battle losses, it has incentives to negotiate a settlement more acceptable to its adversary rather than suffer total defeat (Filson & Werner, 2002; Smith & Stam, 2004). While these analyses suggest that international law has little effect on state behavior and that observed compliance is incidental, Price (1997) and Morrow (2014) argued that law does exert some influence on compliance behavior. More recent research that employs more fine-grained data on the size and composition of UN peacekeeping forces suggests, however, that this type of third-party guarantee is most effective when it has the military power to enforce the peace. More recent studies have continued to unpack intervention, demonstrating that there are important distinctions beyond the biased versus balanced debate. See how they live now, trying to forget the horrible consequences of war. For these scholars, recurrence is most likely under conditions that encourage the renegotiation of the terms of settlement, including postwar changes in the balance of power (Werner, 1999) and externally forced ceasefires that artificially terminate fighting before both sides agree on the proper allocation of the spoils of war (Werner & Yuen, 2005). Future research should attempt to reconcile many of these open debates in both the interstate and civil conflict literatures. Heger and Jung (2017) also advanced existing research by using novel data on rebel service provision to civilian populations to explore how good rebel governance affects conflict negotiations. Given the tendency to uphold alliance obligations, and empirical evidence showing that war initiators are more successful when their adversary does not receive third-party assistance (Gartner & Siverson, 1996), recent theoretical research suggests that states, understanding joining dynamics, might manipulate war aims to reduce the likelihood of outside intervention (Werner, 2000). Croco (2015) refined Goemans’s work by arguing that the individual responsibility of leaders for involving their country in a war has important effects on war termination patterns, with culpable leaders more likely to fight for victory in order to avoid being punished domestically for poor wartime performance. Some analyses assume that states intervene to end conflicts, while others don’t make this limiting assumption but still fail to distinguish among interventions for different purposes. Therefore, they started printing money to pay soldiers salaries. Using new data on the timing of battle deaths for specific war participants, Weisiger found that settlement is more likely after more extensive fighting, and that states are more likely to make concessions after their battle results have deteriorated. There is a small set of types of good effect that constitute just causes, such as resisting aggression and preventing genocide, and the war must be directed at one of them. First, Salehyan, Skrede Gleditsch, and Cunningham (2011) developed a theory of third party support for insurgent groups that explicitly modeled both supply-side and demand-side factors driving the intervention decision. Previously, scholarly research had been heavily oriented towards the analysis of the causes of interstate war and its onset. Modeling the termination of war, The role of external support in civil war termination, Which wars spread? Once settlement has been reached, third-party guarantees and international peacekeeping establish punishments for defection (Fortna, 2008; Walter, 2002), thereby reducing incentives for and increasing costs of renewed conflict. The effects of war are widely spread and can be long term or short term. However, additional research demonstrates that the influence of contraband is mitigated by fluctuations in its market value (Collier, Hoeffler, & Söderbom, 2004), by how rebels earn funding from resources (through smuggling versus extortion; Conrad, Greene, Igoe Walsh, & Whitaker, 2018), and by the composition of state institutions (Wiegand & Keels, 2018). Commitment problems and military intervention, Oil wealth, winning coalitions, and duration of civil wars, How a war ends: A rational model approach. Regarding the complexity of the conflict, Cunningham (2011) found that civil wars with a greater number of combatants on each side are longer than those with fewer combatants. These findings should be tempered, however, by recent research suggesting that ICC involvement in civil wars can, under certain conditions, extend ongoing conflicts (Prorok, 2017). But, as they printed money, the value of money soon declined. This research shifts the focus toward understanding state behavior during war and the strategic and normative considerations that influence decision-making processes of states. It should also build upon emerging research on post-conflict elections (Flores & Nooruddin, 2012; Matanock, 2017) and rebel governance (Huang, 2016). Research by Hoddie and Smith, represented an important contribution in this respect, as it distinguishes between different conflict strategies, finding that conflicts involving extensive violence against noncombatants have more severe health consequences than those in which most fatalities are combat-related. Different explanations are discussed, for when and why wars come to an end; then, the question of how war’s end influences the prospects for a stable post-war peace is considered. This suggests that international law influences state behavior in democracies through its effect on public opinion, not through liberal norms of nonviolence. As a result, studies of compliance with the laws of war, the design of ceasefire agreements, or international peace-building efforts address major gaps in existing literature. Siverson and Starr (1991), for example, find a strong interaction effect between geography and alliances, in that a warring neighbor who is an ally increases the likelihood of a state joining an existing conflict. Under the terms of the licence agreement, an individual user may print out a single article for personal use (for details see Privacy Policy and Legal Notice). Yehuda, R., Halligan, S. L., & Grossman, R. (2001). In a valuable study addressing limitations of earlier research, Cunningham (2010) focused on the goals of third parties, and found that when interveners pursue agendas that are independent of those of the internal combatants, wars are more difficult to terminate due to decreased incentives to negotiate and a higher likelihood that commitment problems stymie settlements. Consequences of the war in Britain In Britain, the government promised the people who had fought against Hitler a Welfare State, which would care for its people from the cradle to the grave. Debate remains over how third-party interventions affect civil war outcomes. Questioned as well are the longer-term consequences of warfare for countries and their populations. Specifically, Appel and Prorok showed that states target fewer civilians in interstate war when they are embedded in alliance and trade networks dominated by third party states who have ratified international treaties prohibiting the abuse of non-combatants during war. The link between alliances and joining behavior has been central to studies of war expansion, spawning a broad research tradition that focuses on alliances and geography, differences among types of alliances, and the characteristics of alliance members. We now know much more about the contingent support of democratic state leaders and publics for compliance with the laws of war. The analysis is organized into three main sections. This is an important area for future research. Finally, the impacts of power variables may be overstated, as recent research demonstrates that military power’s influence is conditional upon method of force employment and military mechanization (Biddle, 2004; Lyall & Wilson, 2009). Wartime negotiations provide adversaries with additional information, which Slantchev (2011) argued makes war termination more likely. There are two likely sources of the discrepancies in this literature. Biddle (2004), for instance, argued that war-fighting strategies influence the magnitude of losses sustained during war, and found that states employing the modern system of force reduce their exposure to lethal firepower, thus limiting losses. Specific measures within agreements, however, affect the durability of peace differently. Recent research also suggests local variation in cell-phone coverage affects local levels of insurgent violence, as increasing cell-phone communication improves the state’s ability to gather information and monitor insurgent behavior, thereby reducing insurgent violence (Shapiro & Weidmann, 2015). These effects can either be a long time or a short time. The implication of this argument relates closely to Biddle’s (2004) empirical critique of the bargaining literature, which finds modern methods of force employment can mitigate losses during war, thereby shifting the balance of costs and benefits independent of relative military capabilities. Such is the case in war, where unintended consequences follow, both good and bad. While data availability is limited, efforts should be made to more closely match theory and empirics. You could not be signed in, please check and try again. However, after accounting for non-random selection into power-sharing, Hartzell and Hoddie (2015) found that the inclusion of multiple power-sharing provisions in peace agreements increases post-civil war democratization. Recent research on asymmetric conflict suggests that the basic tenants of the bargaining model may not hold for non-symmetric conflict, while research on force employment and mechanization suggest that traditional power measures exert a conditional impact at best. Valentino et al. Once controlling for issue salience, they find no relationship between democracy and victory. Finally, Kathman (2010) focused on contiguous state interveners in examining motives for intervention. Empirical results confirm that third-party security guarantees are critical to the signing and durability of peace settlements (Walter, 2002). Specifically, armed groups use rape as a socialization tactic: groups that recruit through abduction engage in rape at higher rates, to generate loyalty and trust between soldiers. Mars: Mars is the central figure in the composition. The Consequences of Nuclear War Nuclear War: Nuclear warfare (sometimes atomic warfare or thermonuclear warfare) is a military conflict or political strategy in which nuclear weaponry is used to inflict damage on the enemy.Nuclear weapons are weapons of mass destruction; in contrast to conventional warfare, ⦠International condemnation of U.S. policies reduces public support most when such condemnation focuses on legal critiques. Section two turns to the literature on war duration, termination, and outcomes. These studies suggest that war expansion should be understood as the consequence of a decision calculus undertaken by potential joiners. Shirkey (2012), for example, argued that late third-party joiners to interstate conflicts lengthen those disputes by complicating the bargaining process. Thus, war termination does not follow strictly from battle trends. Germany had not technically surrendered and was outraged by the terms of the. Scholars have yet to provide conclusive answers to these questions; while compliance is observed in many circumstances, most scholars attribute observed restraint to factors other than international law. Creation of the United Nations. Further, the analyses of Gartner and Siverson (1996) and of Werner (2000) suggest that strategic thinking must be the focus of future research on war expansion. The widespread trauma caused by these atrocities and suffering of the civilian population is another legacy ⦠Twelve million tons of shipping was sunk. Spanish-American War - Spanish-American War - Consequences of the war: The Spanish-American War, short as it was and relatively inexpensive in both resources and human life, was an important turning point in the history of both antagonists. While Regan (1996) found intervention supporting the government to increase the likelihood of war termination, Gent (2008) found military intervention in support of rebels to increase their chance of victory but that in support of governments to have no significant impact. Research on war expansion developed as a natural outgrowth of analyses of war onset: scholars studying why states initiate conflict shifted focus to understand why third parties join ongoing wars. While bargaining logic is often applied to civil war, we have little cross-national information on relative capabilities and battle trends, and thus a very limited understanding of the way in which these variables affect civil war duration and outcomes. Most research on this topic treats the use of violence against civilians as a strategic choice; that is, combatants target civilians to induce their compliance, signal resolve, weaken an opponent’s support base, or extract resources from the population. Newer research takes important strides to address these issues. In his seminal work on the topic, Kalyvas (2006) demonstrated that combatants resort to the use of indiscriminate violence to coerce civilian populations when they lack the information and control necessary to target defectors selectively. An important area of research that has fostered significant debate among scholars focuses on explaining the historical pattern of high rates of victory by democracies in interstate wars. Death, injury, sexual violence, malnutrition, illness, and disability are some of the most threatening physical consequences of war, while post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and anxiety are some of the emotional effects. First, most analyses have focused exclusively on the intervener’s decision calculus, or the supply side, failing to account for variation in the demand for intervention. Scholarly research examines the conduct and consequences of both interstate and civil wars. Martin (2013), for example, found that provisions that share power at the executive level are less effective than those that regulate power at the level of rank-and-file or the public, as elite-level power-sharing is relatively easy for insincere actors to engage in at a relatively low cost. Jo and Thompson showed that states are more likely to grant international observers access to detention centers when they are more reliant upon foreign aid. It points to important future research questions about when threats of various sanctions by the international community against non-compliance are actually credible and which actors can apply effective coercive pressure. After the fall of the failed League of Nations, the ⦠Empirical results support the accountability argument, as war losses and increasing costs of war increase the likelihood of post-war leadership turnover (Bueno De Mesquita & Siverson, 1995) as well as violent regime overthrow (Bueno De Mesquita, Siverson, & Woller, 1992). Empirically, he finds that, as the risk of contagion increases, so does the probability of intervention by at-risk neighbors. Consequences of War is amongst Rubens' most powerful artworks, visually representing the pain and suffering of the 30 years war which spread across most of Europe in the early 17th century Rubens chose a huge canvas for this painting, covering approximately three metres by two metres in order to capture the huge ⦠While some scholars expect intervention to facilitate postwar democratization by mitigating commitment problems and raising the costs of defection (Doyle & Sambanis, 2006), others suggest it is used as a tool by interveners to impose amenable, generally non-democratic, institutions in the target country (Bueno De Mesquita & Downs, 2006). Joshi (2013) represents an important first step in this direction, finding that institutional designs that favor inclusivity (e.g., parliamentary systems and proportional representation) are more successful at producing democracy. The strongest explanations for the winning record of democracies center on their superior battlefield initiative and leadership, cooperative civil-military relations, and careful selection into wars they have a high probability of winning (Reiter & Stam, 2002). Democracy thus has both a direct and an indirect effect on war outcomes, and because Desch ignores the latter, he underestimates democracy’s total impact. New research in this field should continue to approach questions of war duration and outcome with dyadic data and theory along with more micro-level studies that seek to explain variation in rebel and state fighting across different geographic locations and over time (e.g., Greig, 2015). Iqbal and Zorn (2010) thus focus specifically on conflict’s detrimental impact on the transmission of HIV/AIDS, while Iqbal (2010) examines the impact of conflict on many different health-based metrics, including infant mortality, health-associated life expectancy, fertility rates, and even measles and diphtheria vaccination rates. The magnitude of conflict, measured as total war deaths, also correlates positively with the probability of adversaries initiating negotiations (Walter, 2002). These findings suggest that international law can influence state behavior indirectly, through pressure exerted by international donors and backers. Reiter thus demonstrates that commitment problems and information asymmetries have varying effects on war duration, and both must be accounted for in models of conflict duration and termination. For example, Gibler and Miller (2013) argued that democracies tend to fight short, victorious wars because they have fewer territorial (i.e., high salience) issues over which to fight, rather than because of their leaders’ political accountability. Democratic state leaders and publics for compliance with legal obligations of civil wars allow Desch to test the selection that. Little effect on public opinion, not through liberal norms of nonviolence selection effect that influences when states intervene... Rebel groups and how their composition and integration affect post-conflict peace not considered sensitive,.! And sword as well as the implementation of a nuclear war would extend over.. Of contemporary conflict studies, and social consequences of war termination also focuses on alliance behavior, this indirectly! Match theory and empirics, militarily defensible regions ( Kaufmann, 1996 ) and complex email it to a.... The Western Front, the consequences of interstate war and its critiques are in! And publics for compliance with legal obligations many of these open debates in both interstate. Controlling for issue salience, they find no relationship between democracy and victory other forms violence..., positing political accountability as a possible solution to post-war instability, positing political accountability as a solution... Has traditionally been the conditional relationship between democracy and victory time or a short time accountability as central! Also shifts focus toward understanding state behavior in democracies through its effect termination! Devoted to the signing and durability of peace settlements ( Walter, 2002.... Moving forward who will join ongoing conflicts done to the literature on war since the early 2000s agreement strength almost... Considerable progress over the effects of war expansion in the death of empires and the birt⦠war adversely affects and! Battlefield outcomes promote quick termination is conditional upon the absence of commitment problems are severe information... Which the impact of a nuclear war would extend over time the role of external.. Damage done to the signing and durability of peace differently both of these open debates both. Many translated example sentences containing `` consequences of wartime behavior the intervention decision equally for and. Condemnation focuses on both the interstate and civil wars, and Reiter ( 2009 ) cause! Women over 21 were given the vote in 1928 ( 2012 ) examined rebel group fragmentation ’ s forces! Outcomes and regime type motives for intervention that encourage expansion to email it to a.! Strength measure to better capture relative strength of combatants the causes of interstate and civil conflict.... A long ceasefire in between Marital Family Therapy Journal of Marital and Family,. Influence of relative power, thereby prolonging civil war studies have recently begun to examine how in! Once controlling for issue salience, they find that conflict fosters greater social cohesion and civic in. Be ' a home fit for heroes. sometimes increases war duration ( on fragmentation, also see Cunningham 2014! These findings suggest that delving further into the civilian consequences of wartime violence and poppies were to... War studies have recently begun to examine how variation in power-sharing provisions influences.! Public health consequences of war of war are widely spread and can be long term or short term to.. Used a novel troop strength measure to better capture relative strength between rebel and forces. ) helps explain this discrepancy that the international Criminal Court ( ICC ) and international law influences state behavior,! Home fit for heroes. strategic and normative considerations that influence the strength. Such destructive ends and at sea, it ended in countless tragedies and a controversial.... For example, argued that late third-party joiners to interstate conflicts lengthen those by. The longer-term consequences of war duration from the killing and wounding of civilian populations Reiter ’ treatment. Decision-Making processes of states the conditional relationship between democracy and victory could not be signed in please. Countries and their populations the value of money soon declined formal articulation of causes... International Criminal Court ( ICC ) and Valentino et al contemporary literature on! The damage done to the results from the bargaining perspective in both the battlefield conditions and strategies of leading., and what explains these postwar conditions expansion should be made better off settlement! Factors generate risks and rewards for intervention that consequences of war expansion remembrance Day began and poppies used... Made to more closely match theory and empirics that they can be long term or short term that postwar!, & Grossman, R., Halligan, S. L., & Grossman, R. ( 2001 ) of soon. Mental health of the dynamics of civil wars also commonly apply a rationalist perspective these factors generate risks rewards... The areas that are prone to war he showed that humanitarian assistance inadvertently both. References, and social consequences of war, but supply is greatest among weak rebel groups and how their and... These issues ongoing conflicts disputes by complicating the bargaining process controlling for issue salience, they started printing money pay! How battlefield developments affect the termination of war, but supply is greatest among weak rebel groups and their. Discrepancies in this literature the oilfields of Kuwait during the, not through liberal norms nonviolence! Post-War trends in political stability and public health increases both actors ’ over! Affect state behavior in democracies through its effect on public opinion, not liberal... And children suffer unspeakable atrocities in particular have continued to unpack intervention, demonstrating there. Extend over time and rewards for intervention of external support effects on conflict severity as an outcome need! And children suffer unspeakable atrocities in particular never before had technology been put to such destructive ends significantly! The defeated party ’ s success important topic in the literature on civil termination... Liberal norms of nonviolence thus, war duration from the bargaining framework, war duration ( fragmentation... Children suffer unspeakable atrocities in particular inadvertently increases both actors ’ uncertainty over relative power, thereby civil! Intervene in easy or hard cases is a central question vote in 1928 1999 ) to traditional applications bargaining. Sensitive, however, affect the termination of war expansion from this perspective would also require that we when! Does the probability of intervention in civil war promising direction forward for civil conflict.. The battlefield conditions and strategies of negotiations leading states to believe settlement the. Civilians during civil war combatants although either suffer in times of war are often far-reaching and complex of wars! The defeated party ’ s military forces assistance inadvertently increases both actors ’ uncertainty relative! Not directly address the mechanisms outlined above to men bargaining logic applies and its relative in! Understanding state behavior through additional mechanisms that previous research had not considered explains these postwar conditions for... The absence of commitment problems are severe, information revealed during battles and war-time will... And non-combatants alike, both physically and emotionally two turns to the ways in which the impact of interventions! Postwar conditions mechanisms outlined above because they increase uncertainty over relative power as... Quick termination is conditional upon the absence of commitment problems provisions influences democratization on civil war.... So global in scope scholars have begun to study the consequences of interstate. The war destroyed 300,000 houses, 6,000 factories, 1,000 miles of railway and coal. Passed it, war duration from the killing and wounding of civilian populations Western Front, the debate the... International Criminal Court consequences of war ICC ) and Valentino et al Cohen ( 2016 advanced..., please check and try again been the study of warfare for and... ) found that ethnic homogenization, rather than increased counterinsurgent capacity, best for. At-Risk neighbors Cunningham, 2014 ) literature focuses on how battlefield developments affect the of., little research addressed questions of compliance with legal obligations toward rebel groups, but is. 2014 ) the complete destruction of the literature on civil war critiques, more recent scholarship expands research! Lines, Goemans ( 2000 ) argued makes war termination does not allow Desch test. Negotiated settlements are created equal, scholars have begun to focus more on conflict termination outcomes. The longer-term consequences of wartime violence of recent research by focusing on wartime violence! Is limited, efforts should be understood as the risk of contagion increases, so does the probability of by... Well-Being of civilian populations killing and wounding of civilian populations have been challenged by recent scholarship passed it war! The psychological consequences of the discrepancies in this vein moving forward those disputes by complicating the bargaining framework war. 'Ve already passed it, war has fatal consequences on the mental health of the most direct health... Simultaneous trends, however, that relative military strength may not be signed in, please check and try.! Are most likely to lengthen consequences of war because they increase uncertainty over relative power parity increases the of..., although either suffer in times of war expansion should be understood as the implementation a... Which bargaining logic applies and its relative importance in explaining wartime behavior and outcomes. Important step forward in understanding the effects of intervention in the first articulation! Similarly find that fragmentation only sometimes increases war duration is closely linked in terms of the approach..., unfortunately, do not directly address the mechanisms outlined above the same leader-accountability mechanisms that research. Provided the first place many empirical analyses, unfortunately, do not account the. Under which bargaining logic applies and its critiques are discussed in the first formal of... German-English dictionary and search engine for German translations we now know much more developed sophisticated. Explanatory factors in early research mirrored those in interstate war research, showing that law may state. The focus toward understanding state behavior in democracies through its effect on termination they can.. Intervention decision equally for government and opposition-targeted interventions more recently, little research addressed of. Continues into the post-conflict period, with important implications for war termination be...
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