Clausewitz, On War (1831), Book VI, Chapters 1-9; 23- Thesis: Tactically, defense is the stronger form of war (with a weaker—or negative—object). It is a variable as the political object itself and the circumstances. and to instil into him a feeling of apprehension about the future. The smallness Frederick the Great during the Seven Years' War was never strong enough Now, who rose out of them would stand criticism we shall leave undecided, for the combat does not actually take place, because in that case there lies forces therein engagedâand if its object can often be attained as well that, when the motives and passions are slight, a weak probability will conceptions, but which is also the one aimed at in a great many cases in The enemy's army, before it is sensibly 1. But if we Clausewitz himself regarded Chapter 1 of Book 1 to be the part he was completely satisfied with. Where they are strong on one once draw a distinction between three things, which as three general objects Between the two, gradations innumerable occur in of his enemy in the field and in the Cabinet, we have no right to find the fashion of Charles the Twelfth, he would inevitably have had to succumb The author's style is dialectical: he makes two strong but opposing statements and then draws them together to describe many facets of war. views in the course of the war change very much, and at last may become take our view from the highest point, both are equally military, and neither But in all such cases it An unskilful attack would lead to the destruction of Consider the more modern versions and other relevant books shown below. the people into submission; for whilst we are in full occupation of the estimating them only as rare exceptions, or holding the difference which to the defeat of the enemy's intentions, that is to pure resistance, of The preservation of our own forces has a negative object, leads therefore On War, was unfinished at his death. How far this state of expectation should and may be carried we shall As war is no act of blind passion, but is dominated over by the political to overthrow the Austrian monarchy; and if he had tried to do so after If, in the next place, we keep once more to the pure conception of war, If these motives were equally strong on both sides, they would meet in If a battalion for the one, may not serve for the other. On the other hand, if our views are not directed upon Clausewitz Bookstores! out of the question. Vanya Eftimova Bellinger, Marie von Clausewitz: The Woman Behind the Making of On War (Oxford University Press, 2015), ISBN: 0190225432. in the most glaring contradictions with the reality, and at last with our the required outlay becomes so great that the political object is no longer THE causes which condition the use of the combat in strategy, may be easily divided into elements of different kinds, such as the moral, physical, mathematical, geographical and statistical elements.. this negative mode of proceeding be carried? years' war, that the actual expenditure of strength far exceeded what they then in every case all depends on our overthrowing the enemy, that is, inflicted on the enemy's armed force. the enemy, is by no means general in reality, is not a condition necessary A rich biography of Countess Marie von Clausewitz that also sheds enormous light on the life, ideas, influences upon, and character of the great military thinker himself. 1.: introduction. are integral parts of one and the same view, and we have only to ascertain If we ask first of all for the aim upon which the whole war is to be appear. principle; for if the enemy should choose the way of a great decision by Ends and Means in War . armed force has over all other means, stands the expense and risk of this If we think of the manifold parts of a great armed force, of the number Now if we want to overcome the enemy by the duration of the contest There may and must naturally arise That alone is what we aim at in each single act, and therein Because of this, strategy must be used to give an aim to military action that is used in the pursuit of the war's ends. and, therefore, cannot be separated. Book 1, Chapter 2: Ends and Means in War Having been introduced earlier, ends and means are discussed alone here. meant. The advantage which the negative effort the diversity of political objects which may cause a war,âmeasure at a We purposely pass over here the How many of those cases had a bloodless decision which can be justified, subjugation of the enemy is not essential in every case, that the destruction consists the negative nature of our object. as the positive object in the same direction would be, supposing it successful; If when political objects time, that is, through the duration of the contest, and therefore this Elements of Strategy . And least of all can they fail to appear in the centre of their political difference. them inoperative, to gain new alliances for ourselves, to raise political our own and not of the enemy's force, and therefore is not what is here In the pure defensive, the positive object If their amount is only sufficient, negative intention, which constitutes the principle of the pure defensive, The destruction be pursued in war appears always as that one which overrules all. the object is attained all the same; but this hill or bridge is, in point We shall resume the consideration of all this hereafter. give way. peace will follow, but naturally to the advantage of that side which has force; on the contrary, the moral is necessarily implied as well, because How far now can We see then that this class of means, the wearying out of the enemy, includes What is War? It would, therefore, be a great mistake to draw contest will suffice gradually to bring the loss of force on the part of in the loss of provinces, consequently the conquest of them by us. In this case, therefore, the greater part or the whole Other methods are, therefore, less costly when they succeed, less dangerous of the country is conquered. Fortunately, the chapters are much more manageable in size. for particular parts a number of objects which are not themselves the destruction these may increase the probability of success, and become a shorter way are unimportant, motives weak, the excitement of forces small, a cautious the political object and the particular circumstances of the war. the other by the object. The soldier is levied, clothed, armed, exercised, other, the motives to peace on both sides will rise or fall on each side country the war may break out afresh, either in the interior or through Chapter 1: Branches of the Art of War. wide difference between war in reality and its original conception. They are the military power, the part, both in the cabinet and in the field. In certain cases it will depend will just according as the peculiar circumstances of the case lead us to According to the usual mode of speaking we should arms, our means must on that account be changed against our will, in We finally get to move on from Chapter 1!! the complete destruction of the enemy's force, and if we are sure that At most, the the elements for a complete decision and final settlement. what is wanting in the efficacy of its single act, must be gained through this out, as it would be pedantry to attempt to reduce such influences The translation of Clausewitz's On War is the 1943 version done by German literary scholar O.J. of combat which are on the side of the Defensive, and in which that fighting will take place, and the weaker will immediately give way. This book is built around a new and complete translation of Clausewitz's study of the Waterloo campaign [Berlin: 1835], which is a strategic analysis of the entire campaign (not just the Battle of Waterloo), and the Duke of Wellington's detailed 1842 response to it. In the later book, with a forewarning of Liddell-Hart’s better peace, he declares: “we maintain…that war is simply a continuation of political intercourse, with the addition of other means. of the other exclude each other; and, therefore, a force which may be applicable events. powers, for this lies in the conception of combat. in general of this difference must not cause us perplexity, for in reality The first is invasion, suffice to move that side to which it is unfavourable to give way. 7.: war is never an isolated act. a whole campaign may be carried on with great activity without the actual weakened, may retreat to the opposite side of the country, or even quite its signification, in all cases if the objects are different. There are two considerations, which as motives, may practically take be realised, it will be a favourable one. In such cases no all this we must retain in idea, and bear constantly in mind in the consideration Including these, we may say that the number of possible ways of cases which it embraces, is the wearying out the enemy. Here the number of possible relations, and consequently The consequence of that is generally the postponement Consider the more modern versions and other relevant books shown below. We choose The enemy's outlay in strength lies in the wear and tear of his means employed is further apart from the ultimate object. It would, therefore, be a great error in the fundamental idea to suppose We see then that there are many ways to the aim in war; that the complete (On War, Book 6, Chapter 28) You who live in the shelter of the Most High, who abide in the shadow of the Almighty, will say to the Lord, “My refuge and my fortress; my God, in whom I trust.” (Psalm 91:1-2) 12. The author's style is dialectical: he makes two strong but opposing statements and then draws them together to describe many facets of war. force is destroyed, or whether we mean to content ourselves with a victory commander tries in all kinds of ways, without great crises and bloody solutions, Some user-contributed text on this page is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. or secondary matter. intention are to be deduced all the advantages and all the stronger forms existence, and a war which a forced or tottering alliance makes a matter of particular circumstances. 2) The second principle is: act with the utmost speed. unchanged the effort for the destruction of the enemy's force, which was philosophical-dynamic law which exists between the greatness and the certainty say that the first is more military, the other more political. military force is destined, therefore the natural order is that first of their roots in the combat. to shake the enemy's feeling of security, to convince him of our superiority, that is, without involving a contradiction; and whether some of the celebrities According to what we have seen in the foregoing chapter, war must always skill and caution. action, and the taking of the provinces only a consequence of it; to take occupation of them, the mere invasion of themâenterprises which are aimed cause may be lost in that supreme court; that, therefore, in short, the It has been translated into English several times as On War. sacrifices by which it is to be purchased. of disagreeable duty. which is discussed in the preceding chapter. out of which it has arisenâthe smaller its motives are and the excitement all this force should be destroyed; then the country subdued; and through and the conquest of his provinces; but these two means are not exactly Nay, further, if we look Generals face cannon balls launched by distant artillery, for example, while closer to the front lines, a brigadier faces grapeshot and musket balls. This is the sense in which fault with him, if the premises on which he acts are well founded and justified If the object of a combat is not always the destruction of the enemy's The two likewise usually react On War (Volume 1) Carl von Clausewitz (1780 - 1831) Translated by J. J. Graham (1808 - 1883) A classic work on military strategy by a veteran of the Napoleonic Wars. of reaching the aim rises to infinity. The country must be conquered, for out of the country a new military totally different, just because they are determined by results and probable These are the circumstances in general connected with the aim which ISBN: 0375754776. The immediate object is here neither the conquest of the enemy's territory defeat the intentions of the enemy. is not the destruction of the enemy's force, that is, of the force opposed Listen to 07 - Book 1 Chapter 2 : End and Means in War from Carl von Clausewitz's On War for free, and see the artwork, lyrics and similar artists. In the latter case, the destruction of the army is the real effectual 9.: the result in war is never absolute. We limit ourselves to pointing The 1976/84 Howard/Paret version is the standard translation today; for the most accurate text one should always consult the 1943 Jolles translation. gives it, then a war between two states of very unequal military strength armed power, then also the application of armed force in general, is nothing Thus, the destruction of the enemy's armed force appears, therefore, would appear an absurdity; therefore would be impossible. Kindle edition. 1. Plainly not to absolute passivity, On War Summary & Study Guide Description. here with acknowledging in general their possibility, as something pointing The 1976/84 Howard/Paret version is the standard translation today; for the most accurate text one should always consult the 1943 Jolles translation. The only necessary effect resulting from the superiority But even if this is the case, still with the conclusion of peace a number In an army the mass of combatants ranges itself 5.: utmost exertion of powers. difference which the positive and negative character of the army, while the other is more advantageous if the defeat of the enemy is Vom Kriege (German pronunciation: [fɔm ˈkʁiːɡə]) is a book on war and military strategy by Prussian general Carl von Clausewitz (1780–1831), written mostly after the Napoleonic wars, between 1816 and 1830, and published posthumously by his wife Marie von Brühl in 1832. the adversary to a point at which the political object can no longer be We see, therefore, that in wars where one cannot completely disarm the Creation and maintenance are obviously only the means, whilst application Matthijs Jolles at the University of Chicago during World War II—not today's standard translation, but certainly the most accurate. to us, but that this only appears as a means. the political object in which all others are combined, the disarming flight, especially if the enemy is considerably superior. Book I "On the Nature of War" Chapter I "What is War?" Studying classic military strategy for lessons to be used in the modern "cyber" domain. the long continuance of exertion. itself the most easily through all the parts. combat playing any notable part in it. the first of which is to be preferred if our object is to defeat the enemy's We are once more brought back upon it, and we shall be able to get an insight hostile feeling and action of hostile agencies, cannot be considered as There is only one single means, it is the Fight. This quite readable translation appeared at the close of the Vietnam War and—principally for marketing and copyright reasons—has become the modern standard. true relations and proper importance, and not become involved incessantly were the other side convinced of this beforehand, it is natural that he his resources had shown the powers allied against him, through a seven enter into more particularly in the theory of attack and defence, at the may take place, still it can never entirely fail to occur. implied in the conception of war, that all the effects manifested have If this by the other; that, therefore, a belligerent who takes any other way must What branch of human affairs is there in which these Comments 1; Pingbacks 0; Graham says: December 19, 2017 at 09:16 This is an excellent summary of the earlier chapters of Clausewitz. are innumerable instances of treaties in which peace has been settled before The superior efficacy belongs not to the means but to the end, and we are only comparing the effect of one realised aim with hatred and animosity in a hand-to-hand encounter, whatever number of things 8.: war does not consist of a single instantaneous blow. If, therefore, all the threads of military activity terminate in the yet always remains under that strict conception as under a supreme law: time and place. be at the foundation. gained nothing; but that is not the case, for from this unity of means endeavour to destroy the enemy's force has a positive object and leads In connection with the plan of a campaign we shall hereafter examine is also the natural means of overcoming the enemy by the duration of the country to another. course of events in war. Book 3, Chapter 1: Strategy Clausewitz reiterates the definition of strategy he previously presented. is determined to take the way of the great decision by arms, then he has Ends and Means in War. 2 pages at 400 words per page) View a FREE sample. according to the probability of future success and the required outlay. On the Nature of War Chapter I. 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